ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 704 Fourth edition 2022-07 Terminology work Principles and methods Travail terminologique Principes et méthodes Reference number IS0 704:2022(E) ISO @ISO2022 IS0 704:2022(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT IS02022 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may the internet or an intranet, withoutpriorwrittenpermission.Permission can be requested from eitherIso at the addressbelow or Iso's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office CP 401 · Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iso.org PublishedinSwitzerland i @ IS0 2022 - All rights reserved IS0 704:2022(E) Contents Page Foreword .V Introduction .vi 1 Scope. .1 2 Normative references ..1 3 Terms and definitions. .1 4 Reality and language .2 5 Concepts .3 5.1 Overview 3 5.2 General concepts. .3 5.3 Individual concepts .4 5.4 Characteristics. ..4 5.4.1 General 4 5.4.2 Terminological analysis 5 5.4.3 Intension and extension 7 5.4.4 Essential characteristics and non-essential characteristics 7 5.4.5 Shared characteristics and delimiting characteristics. 7 5.5 Concept relations. 8 5.5.1 General .8 5.5.2 Types. 8 5.5.3 Notations. 8 5.5.4 Hierarchical relations 9 5.5.5 Associative relations. 23 5.6 Concept systems. 25 5.6.1 General 25 5.6.2 Development and visualization 25 5.6.3 Types. 26 6 Definitions .33 6.1 General. 33 6.2 Intensional definitions. 33 6.3 Extensional definitions 34 6.4 Writing definitions. 34 6.4.1 General 34 6.4.2 Nature of intensional definitions 34 6.4.3 Writing intensional definitions 35 6.4.4 Applying the substitution principle 39 6.4.5 Writing extensional definitions 39 6.4.6 Indicating a domain or subject 41 6.5 Deficient definitions.. 41 6.5.1 General 41 6.5.2 Circular definitions. 42 6.5.3 Inaccurate definitions 43 6.5.4 Negative definitions 44 6.6 Information supplementing or replacing definitions 45 6.6.1 General 45 6.6.2 Contexts. 45 6.6.3 Encyclopaedic descriptions 46 6.6.4 Explanations 46 6.6.5 Notes 47 6.6.6 Examples 47 6.6.7 Other descriptions. 47 6.7 Indicating sources. 48 @ IS0 2022 - All rights reserved ii IS0 704:2022(E) 7 Designations .48 7.1 General. .48 7.2 Types. ..48 7.3 Terms. .49 7.3.1 General 49 7.3.2 Types of terms .49 7.3.3 Types of appellations .49 7.3.4 Nomenclatures .50 7.4 Proper names. .50 7.4.1 General .50 7.4.2 Types. .51 7.5 Symbols .51 7.6 Formation of terms (including appellations) and proper names .53 7.6.1 General .53 7.6.2 Principles .54 7.7 Relations between designations and concepts .57 7.7.1 Mononymy and monosemy .57 7.7.2 Synonymy 57 7.7.3 Equivalence .57 7.7.4 Antonymy. .58 7.7.5 Polysemy and homonymy .58 7.7.6 Harmonization .58 7.7.7 Acceptability rating .58 Annex A (informative) Other types of definitions. .60 Annex B (informative) Examples of term formation methods. .65 Annex C (informative) Appellations and proper names ..70 Bibliography .77 iv IS02022-Allrightsreserved IS0 704:2022(E) Foreword Iso (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IsO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IsO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IsO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the Iso/IEc Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of IsO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editori