ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 23032 First edition 2022-12 Meteorology Ground-based remote sensing of wind Radar wind profiler Meétéorologie - Télédétection du vent basée au sol - Profileur de vent radar Reference number IS0 23032:2022(E) ISO @IS02022 IS0 23032:2022(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT @ IS0 2022 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on or Iso's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office CP 401 · Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii @IS02022-Allrightsreserved IS0 23032:2022(E) Contents Page Foreword. ..V Introduction .vi 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .2 4.1 Symbols. .2 4.2 Abbreviated terms. 3 5 Measurement principle. 5.1 Spectral parameters of the echo. 4 5.2 Sources of received signals. 5.2.1 Turbulent scattering and partial reflection. 7 5.2.2 Echo in precipitation. 9 5.2.3 Clutter 9 5.2.4 Interference from radio sources 10 5.3 Methods of wind velocity measurement 10 5.3.1 General aspects 10 5.3.2 Doppler beam swinging (DBS) 10 5.3.3 Spaced antenna (SA) 17 6 WPR system. .20 6.1 Frequency 20 6.2 Hardware and software. 21 6.2.1 Principal components. 21 6.2.2 Signal processing. 22 6.2.3 Antenna 24 6.2.4 Transmitter. 29 6.2.5 Receiver. 34 6.2.6 Signal processing unit. 42 6.2.7 Observation control unit. .45 6.2.8 Consideration on environmental conditions 45 6.3 Resolution enhancement and clutter mitigation using adaptive signal processing .46 6.3.1 Range imaging (frequency domain interferometry) 46 6.3.2 Coherent radar imaging (spatial domain interferometry) 51 6.3.3 Adaptive clutter suppression (AcS) 54 7 System performance 57 7.1 Resolution. 57 7.1.1 Range resolution. 57 7.1.2 Volume resolution 58 7.1.3 Time resolution. 58 7.1.4 Nyquist frequency and frequency resolution of Doppler spectrum 59 7.2 Range sampling 59 7.3 Radar sensitivity and measurement range 60 7.4 Measurement accuracy .64 7.4.1 Requirements.. 64 7.4.2 Validation using other means. .64 8 Quality control (QC) in digital signal processing .65 9 Products and data format .66 9.1 Products and data processing levels 66 9.2 Data format. 67 9.2.1 General 67 9.2.2 Operational data format (WMO BUFR) 67 @ IS0 2022 - All rights reserved iii IS0 23032:2022(E) 9.2.3 Scientific data format (NetCDF) 67 9.2.4 Data format defined by user and/or supplier 68 9.2.5 Otherrecommendations. .68 10 Installation .69 10.1 General aspects. 69 10.2 Land. 69 10.3 Licensing of radio wave transmission 69 10.4 Infrastructure 69 10.5 Clutter. 70 10.6 Interferencefromradiosources 70 11 System monitoring and maintenance. .71 11.1 General aspects 71 11.2 Operational status monitoring. 71 11.3 Preventive maintenance 72 11.4 Corrective maintenance .74 11.5 Measuring instruments. .74 11.6 Policy for spare parts.. .74 11.7 Software .74 Annex A (informative) Example of parameters can be configured by an operator. .75 Annex B (informative) General representation of the radar equation for monostatic radar .78 Annex C (informative) Reflectivity of precipitation echo .80 Annex D (informative) Impacts of assimilating wind products obtained by WPRs in atmospheric models. .81 Annex E (informative) Quality management of the WINDAS (Wind profiler Network and Data Acquisition System) of the Japan Meteorological Agency .82 Annex F (informative) Example of data processing levels of data other than those typically used by the end users. .83 Annex G (informative) Data format for Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)'s wind profiler using BUFR4 .84 Annex H (informative) Data format for Deutscher Wetterdienst (DwD)'s wind profiler using netCDF4 .87 Bibliography .92 iv @ IS0 2022 - All rights reserved IS0 23032:2